After the Punic Wars, the Romans faced a local crisis. Many Italian family farms had either gone bankrupt because the head of the household served in
the military, or because the proprietor, awarded a farm as part of his severance pay , was unable or unw illing to work it. Since the re were many building programs underway the patricians were experiencing a time ot great prosperity. Yet at the same time. the dispossessed were migrating to Rome where theycontributed to a growing and unruly urban mob. The gap between "have and have-not- was growing .

Tiberius Gracchus had grown up in a prominent patrician family and was expected to achieve greatness in the military and political spheres. He became disillusioned by his experience in the Numantine war in Spain, during which he served as quaestor or quartermaster. Returning to Rome, he was dismayed by the sight of chain gangs of slaves working tatifundia. giant plant ations made up of what had been small family farms .

Perhaps influenced by his Greek tutor and Stoic philosophers to favor Hellenistic views of social justice.Tiberius set out to restore small farmers to the Italian agricultural landscape and the city of the increasingly dangerous urban mob.

Tiberius renounced his patrician birthright to the astonishment of all , so that he could run for tribune of the plebs. This way he could participate in Senatorial meetings. something he was technically too young to do on his own. As tribune, he proposed a land commission to reallocate illegally held land and , out ot the large ager publicus (pubhc land) created after the Second Pun ic War, es tablish smallallotments with rent, and a promise not to disturb the farmer for a certain number of years. This commission was invested with judicial powers to decide all disputes aris ing from the redistribution of land.

The reaction of the Senate was to withhold financial aid from the land commission When King Attalos III died in Pergamum and bequeathed his estate to the Romans, Ullus introduced a bill to make some of that wealth available for settlers and to bring the matter of giving the kingdom of Pergamum before the People, bypassing the Senate and incurring its wrath.

Tiberius began to lose support. Those who had been carried away by reform fever, but had no personal stake, lost interest and the rustic voters, who did have a personal stake, were busy with the harvest. The nobles might have recovered ascendancy simply by lening nature.

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