HOW THE ETRUSCANS INFLUENCED THE ROMANS |
Military conquest and colonization during the early Republic were two ways by which Rome began systematically expanding her sphere of control. First to
come under Roman sway were her nearest neighbors. Wherever the Romans and their army went, they built roads, temples , markets, theaters, baths, and
aqueducts.
Rome's attempt at the complete subjugation of Veii,an Etrurian town, in 405 B.C. was the first definite step in her career of wand conquest, and strained her resources to the breaking point. Tradition called it a turning point in the city 's military history, and Romans remembered it in a way similar to the ten-year siege of Troy. The territory gained here made even more colonization possible.
Of the various prehistoric civilizations in earty Italy, that of the Etruscans is the most important. Their burial habits, featuring sarcophagi reveal much about their society, since their language is still undeciphered. The Etruscans ruled earty Rome as kings, and were ultimately conquered by her. They contributed much of what we think of as characteristic to Roman culture. The Etruscans' language is not Indo-European, so they were not indigenous to Italy. Their arrival probably resulted from the upheaval taking place throughout the Mediterranean 1200 B.C. Their Bronze Age culture permeated Italy, and by 900 B.C. we see remains of the so-called Villanovan culture specific to Etruria.
Many Etruscan cities exported finished iron and bronze wares like helmets, weapons, chariots, urns, candelabra, mirrors, and statues in returnfor other raw materials and luxury goods. They also made linen and woolen clothing, leather goods, fine gold jewelry, and pottery. Forests fueled the smelters and provided wood for buildings and ships like the composition of the roman family.
The Etruscans transmitted elements of Greek culture, as well as their own.From the Greeks, the Etruscans learned the method of fighting known as the hoplite phalanx, and the Romans perfected it. The Greek, or Phoenician alphabet, was adapted by the Etruscans and not only embraced by the Romans, but spread over the western wor1d. It is still the alphabet the English language is written in thousands of years later. The Etruscans' engineering feats, particularly the foundation of the Great sewer, were impressive .
Rome adopted the Etruscan arch and, by moving mand rotating it through space, created architectural triumphs like the Colosseum. The Romans enthusiastically adopted Etruscan gladiatorial combat as a spectator sport.The Romans learned grid-style cityplanning from the Etruscans. Even
today you can see, from the air, the amazing patterns of the Roman grid in the division of medieval farmland .
The "Etruscan discipline- was divination by entrails . particularly the liver. The priests in charge of this were calledharuspices. A priest would slaughter a victim, take out the liver and tell from deformities what would happen. The Sabines. To the northeast were the Sabines, memorialized in the myth of Romulus as earty enemies, but they were neutralized, or coopted by the acceptance of one of their chieftains, Appius Claudius, into the community. The Aequi, southern neighbors of the Sabines, were decisively defeated in 431. The Samnites and versei. To the immediate east were tribes like the Samnites and votsct The latter launched an invasion led by rogue Roman leader Coriolanus.
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